HUMAN HEAD AND NECK

Product Description

 HUMAN HEAD AND NECK:-

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is diagnosed in approximately 500,000 individuals worldwide each year [1]. Major risk factors are smoking, smokeless tobacco, betel nut chewing, and alcohol consumption.

However, many patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas, particularly those arising in the base of the tongue and in the tonsillar region, do not have any of these risk factors. Epidemiologic and molecular studies have identified the HPV-16 type of human papillomavirus (HPV) as a causative agent in these patients [2,3]. Other HPV types such as HPV-18, 31 or 33 are much less common. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most commonly diagnosed sexually transmitted disease in the United States. In addition to oropharyngeal cancer, HPV-16 is associated with condyloma acuminatum, squamous intraepithelial lesions and anogenital malignancy including cervical, vaginal, vulval, penile, and anal carcinoma.